12th Complete Grammar

PREPOSITIONS

Preposition (संबंधबोधक) – A preposition is a word which is used before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with the other words in the sentence.

Preposition दो शब्दों से मिलकर बना है– Pre + Position इसमें Pre का अर्थ है 'पहले' और Position का अर्थ है 'Placed' (रखा हुआ) अर्थात् वह शब्द या phrase है जो किसी Noun (संज्ञा) या Pronoun (सर्वनाम) से पहले प्रयुक्त होकर किसी वाक्य में उक्त Noun या Pronoun (वस्तु या व्यक्ति) का संबंध किसी दूसरे शब्द से स्थापित करता है। जैसे–

There is a book on the table.
He is sitting between two students.
The Boys are playing under the tree.
He is playing in the street.

Use of Prepositions

Use of 'At'

(i) निश्चित समय बिंदु के लिए (For a specific point of time) –

The sun rose at 6 a.m.
Our School meets at 7 a.m.
She was married at the age of twenty.
I can repay the amount at any moment.

Note: at dawn, at dusk, at noon, at day break, at night, at midnight, at twilight, at this moment, at that moment, at the age of ............ आदि से पूर्व at का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –
The thief entered the house at midnight.
We had lunch at noon.
Note: Summer, winter, morning, evening, afternoon के पहले Preposition in का प्रयोग होता है।

(ii) छोटे स्थानों के नामों जैसे (Names of small places like) – at home, at school, at bank, at shop, at the post office, at the bus stand, at the door, at hospital, at the airport, at the railway station, at a party, at a match, at the theatre, at a lecture, at the top, at the bottom ........ etc से पूर्व –

Mr. Mohan is at office.
I saw a beggar at the station.
John is at home.
My friend is standing at the door.

(iii) Village, town, colony के नाम के पहले –

He lives at RIICO.
I was born at Shahdra.
He lives at Roop Nagar.
My uncle lives at Indira Colony.

Note: बड़े नगरों, प्रांतों व देशों के नाम के पहले in का प्रयोग होता है।
Vinod lives in Delhi.
She was born in Punjab.

(iv) तुलनात्मक दृष्टि से छोटे स्थानों के लिए 'at' व बड़े स्थानों के लिए 'in' का प्रयोग करते हैं –

We live at Jhunjhunu in Rajasthan.
She lives at Vidhya Vihar in Sikar.

(v) कौशल प्रकट करने के लिए (To express skill) –

He is good at English.
Naresh is clever at cards.

(vi) Rate (दर/भाव), गति व निश्चित तापक्रम बताने के लिए –

The bank has sanctioned the loan at six percent.
Mangoes are being sold at three rupees a kilo.
She drove her car at 70 km per hour.
Water boils at 100° C.

(vii) त्यौहारों के नाम से पहले अवधि (Period of time) प्रकट करने के लिए –

We met each other at Deepawali Vacation.
They had a break at Dussehra.

Use of 'In'

(i) निश्चित स्थान के भीतर किसी वस्तु की स्थिर अवस्था को प्रकट करने के लिए (To show the stable state of an object inside a specific place) –

He is in the room.
He is in bed.
There are clouds in the sky.
Children are playing in the street.
This is the only shop in the village.
There is little water in the jug.

(ii) महीनों, ऋतुओं व वर्षों से पूर्व (Before months, seasons, and years) –

I was born in 1985.
India became free in 1947.
In Rajasthan, it rains in summer.
We took exam in March.

(iii) Morning, evening या afternoon के पहले –

I shall go to school in the morning.
Meet me in the afternoon.

(iv) स्थिति व सन्दर्भ को प्रकट करने के लिए (To express situation or context) –

He was born in poverty.
He was born in debt.
A bird is sitting in the tree.
My father i³⁴s sitting in armchair.

(v) निम्न क्रियाओं के साथ (With the following verbs) –

Made in, believe in, fill in, expert in, interest in.

Use of 'Into'

(i) किसी चीज के बाहर से भीतर जाने की अवस्था को प्रकट करने के लिए (To express the state of moving from outside to inside) –

Ajay got into the bus.
The frog jumped into the pond.

(ii) रूप परिवर्तन के लिए (अवस्था परिवर्तन के लिए) (For change of form or state) –

Milk turns into curd.
Water turns into ice.
Translate this passage into English.
Change into passive voice/reported speech.

Use of 'To'

(i) एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर जाने के लिए (To go from one place to another) –

I go to temple everyday.
She came to my house yesterday.

(ii) समय बताने के लिए (To tell time) –

It is ten to ten.
It is five minutes to three.

Note: समय पूछने व बताने पर watch से पूर्व by का प्रयोग होता है।
What’s time by your watch?
It is five to five by my watch.

(iii) Infinitive verb से पूर्व –

I want to take a cup of tea.
My mother came to see me.

(iv) तुलना दर्शाने के लिए (To show comparison) –

Inferior to, superior to, junior to, senior to, prefer to, prior to, younger to, elder to, exterior to, interior to.

He is superior to me.
He is younger to me.
Rajesh prefer coffee to tea.
Ram is elder to Shyam.

Use of 'On'

(i) day व date के साथ (With day and date) –

I shall go to Delhi on Monday.
India became free on 15th August 1947.

Note: वर्ष व महिने का नाम आने पर in preposition का प्रयोग होता है –
He was born in August.
India got freedom in 1947.

(ii) किसी वस्तु के किसी सतह पर स्पर्श करते हुए, टिके रहने के अर्थ में 'on' का प्रयोग होता है अथवा (नीचे वाली वस्तु को छूने की अवस्था में) –

The book is on the table.
The pictures are on the wall.
There is a carpet on the floor.
He is sitting on the grass.
He wears a hat on the head.
Sudha has a ring on her finger.
He walks on foot.
She was riding on a horse.

(iii) किसी वस्तु की स्थिति को स्पष्ट करने के लिए अथवा के बारे में –

Mr. Jangir has written a book on Grammar.
The leader spoke on the changing social system.

(iv) का सदस्य होने के अर्थ में (In the sense of being a member) –

I am on the committee.
She is on the club.

Use of 'Upon'

(i) 'ऊपर' किन्तु गति की अवस्था में लगाया जाता है (Used for 'above' but in a state of motion) –

The dog jumped upon the table.
The lion fell upon the lamb.
Tenzing climbed upon Mt. Everest.
Put it upon the table.

Use of 'By'

(i) घड़ी से समय पूछने अथवा बताने के लिए –

It is two by my watch.
What’s time by your watch?

(ii) Future Perfect तथा Perfect Continuous Tense में समय से पूर्व अथवा उस समय के साथ जब कोई काम समाप्त होना हो :–

He will finish this work by 5.30 this evening.
I shall finish this work by Sunday.
I shall have been reading in this school for three years by 2011.

(iii) Method (तरीका/विधि), Rate (दर), Weight (वजन), Measurement (माप) तथा Action (कार्य) को प्रकट करने के लिए –

He sent me a gift by post.
She informed me by a messenger.
He caught me by the neck.
Cloth is sold by the metre.
He paid the money by installments.
This room is 15 ft. by 10 ft.

(iv) निकट के अर्थ में (In the sense of near) –

She is sitting by her mother.
I have a house by the sea.

Note: निकट के अर्थ में beside का प्रयोग भी होता है I was sitting beside/by my friend.

(v) यातायात के साधनों से पूर्व (Before means of transport) –

by bus, by car, by train, by land, by sea, by air, by cycle, by steamer, by boat,

He came here by bus.
I go to school by scooter.

Note: यदि यातायात के साधनों से पहले किसी Article/Pronoun/Adjective का प्रयोग हो तो 'अन्दर बैठकर' यात्रा करने पर in और 'ऊपर बैठकर' यात्रा करने पर On का प्रयोग होता है।
I went to Jaipur in a car.
The P.M. came in his new car.
He went on his own scooter.
We travel on horseback/ on foot.

(vi) Passive Voice में सजीव साधन/कर्त्ता के साथ –

Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
The Tajmahal was built by Shahjehan.
The boy was punished by the teacher.
He was taught English by me.

Note: निर्जीव साधन के साथ with का प्रयोग होता है।
He was beaten with a stick.
His wife was murdered with a knife.

Use of 'Between'

(i) दो व्यक्तियों व वस्तुओं के बीच में के अर्थ में –

She stood between her husband and son.
The old man divided his property between Ravi and Anand.
Radha is sitting between Ram and Shyam.

(ii) सीमाओं के सम्बन्ध में दो या दो से अधिक संज्ञाओं के साथ –

Rajasthan lies between Haryana, Gujarat, M.P. and U.P.
India lies between Pak, China, Bangladesh and Ceylon.

(iii) दो समयों के मध्य के अर्थ में –

You can meet the manager between 10 am and 5 pm.
Contact us between 8 am and 2 pm.

Use of 'Among'

(i) दो से अधिक व्यक्ति या वस्तुओं के बीच के अर्थ में –

Distribute these mangoes among these boys.
He divided his property among his five sons.

Use of 'With'

(i) साथ होने की अवस्था –

She went to Delhi with her mother.
I am playing with my friend.

(ii) साधन या औजार से पहले जिसको हाथ से पकड़ कर चलाया जाता है –

Anita cut a mango with a knife.
He writes with a pen.
She is writing with a pencil.
We clean our teeth with brush.

Note: यदि रिक्त स्थान के बाद ink अथवा बिना Article के Pencil आए तो ये Uncountable Noun माने जाते हैं अतः इनसे पूर्व in का प्रयोग होगा।
She wrote her answers in black ink.
I write in pencil.

(iii) कारण का भाव बताने के लिए –

He is trembling with fear.
Her eyes are red with tears.
He was silent with shame.
Maharana Pratap fought with courage.

(iv) गुण या विशेषता प्रकट करने के लिए –

I met a boy with curly hair.
I saw a girl with blue eyes.

Use of 'Of'

(i) सम्बन्ध या अधिकार को प्रकट करने के लिए –

Rajat is a friend of mine.
Mr. Surendra is the principal of this school.

(ii) गुण को प्रकट करने के लिए –

He is a man of high character.
She is proud of her beauty.

(iii) किसी चीज से दूसरी वस्तु बना दिए जाने पर भी यदि मूल चीज दिखाई देती है तो 'of' का प्रयोग किया जाता है –³⁴

The table is made of wood.
My cap is made of wool.
His shoes are made of leather.
This shirt is made of cotton.¹

Note: लेकिन यदि दूसरी वस्तु बनने के बाद मूल वस्तु का पता नहीं चलता है तो from का प्रयोग किया जाता है।¹⁴
Butter is made from milk.
Wine is made from grapes.
Dalda is made from vegetable oil.
Bread is made from flour.

(iv) मृत्यु का कारण बताने के लिए (यदि मृत्यु का कारण कोई Disease, Illness, Hunger, Thirst, Grief, Shame, आदि हो) –

He was died of cancer / illness / hunger / thirst / grief.
She was died of shame.

Die के बाद आने वाली अन्य Prepositions	Examples / Context
From	wound, overeating, loss of blood
For	one's ideals, one's country
In	an accident, battle
By	Violence, one's own hands (suicide)
Throug	neglect

(v) निम्न verbs के साथ – afraid of, ashamed of, beware of, fond of, proud of, full of, jealous of, made of, accused of, think of, cured of etc.

Use of 'From'

(i) किसी स्थान के प्रारम्भिक बिंदु से पूर्व 'से' के अर्थ में (Used before the starting point of a place) :–

She came from Chandigarh.
She will go from Jaipur to Ajmer.
Many birds came from Siberia.

(ii) Point of time के साथ –

The teacher taught me from Monday to Friday.
He plays from morning till evening.

(iii) समय के प्रारम्भिक बिंदु से पूर्व 'से' के अर्थ में Non perfect tense में प्रयोग किया जाता है –

Our school will start from 1st July.
Our exams will start from Saturday.
You should start this work from tomorrow.

(iv) Source को प्रकट करने के लिए –

Light comes from the Sun.
This is a quotation from Tulsi.
These lines are taken from the poem, 'The Cloud'.

Note: सजीव (व्यक्तियों) का Source प्रकट करने के लिए of का प्रयोग किया जाता है–
He came of poor family.
Ram comes of aristocratic family.

Use of 'Since'

(i) Since का प्रयोग Perfect tense में निश्चित समय के साथ (Point of time) –

I have known him since 1975.
They have been working hard since Sunday.
I have been teaching in this school since July last.

Use of 'For'

(i) For का प्रयोग Period of time / extent of time (समयावधि/गिनती वाला समय अथवा समय सीमा इंगित करने के लिए Perfect tense में –

He has been living here for two years.
The teacher has been teaching the students for some time.

(ii) buy (bought), purchase, sell (sold), pay (paid) के बाद यदि rupees शब्द आए तो इसके पहले 'for' आएगा –

I paid Rs. 10 for this book.
He sold a pen for ten rupees.
He bought a wrist watch for five hundred rupees.

(iii) 'के लिए' के अर्थ में –

We earn for living.
My father walks for pleasure.

Use of 'After'

(i) 'के बाद' के अर्थ में –

It was dark after sunset.
Monday comes after Sunday.
His name comes after my name.
My father went there after three days.

(ii) की खोज में या को पकड़ने के लिए –

The Policeman ran after the thief.
Bhola Ram always runs after wisdom.

Use of 'Before'

(i) 'के पहले' के अर्थ में –

I can't leave home before breakfast.
His name comes before my name.

(ii) 'के सामने' के अर्थ में –

He is standing before black board.
I can't speak before my father.

Use of 'Through'

(i) शुरू से अन्त तक के अर्थ में समय से पूर्व इसका प्रयोग किया जाता है –

The patient will not live through the night.
You can't work in the sun through the day.
A child cannot sit quietly through a long lesson.

(ii) आर-पार के अर्थ में (में से होकर गुजरने के लिए) या के माध्यम से के अर्थ में –

Two friends were passing through the forest.
Can you see through the glass?
The thief entered the house through window.
I knew it through a newspaper.
The train is moving through a tunnel.
He looked through a telescope.
The river flows into the tank through this pipe.
The sun came through the window.

Use of 'Across'

(i) एक ओर से दूसरी ओर का आशय दर्शाने के लिए –

There are many bridges across the Ganga.
He walked across the field.
Can you row me across the river?
He drew a line across the sheet of paper.

Use of 'Over'

(i) सीधे या लम्बवत् ऊपर होने के अर्थ में –

The sky is over our heads.
Many aeroplanes fly over the Indian oceans.

(ii) 'से अधिक' को प्रकट करने के लिए –

He is over fifty.
His income is not over his expenses

(iii) किसी तल को आंशिक या पूर्णरूपेण ढकने के अर्थ में

He put his coat over the boy
Wood floats over the water.

12th Complete Grammar

PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS

Use of Prepositions

Use of 'At'

Use of 'In'

Use of 'Into'

Use of 'To'

Use of 'On'

Use of 'Upon'

Use of 'By'

Use of 'Between'

Use of 'Among'

Use of 'With'

Use of 'Of'

Use of 'From'

Use of 'Since'

Use of 'For'

Use of 'After'

Use of 'Before'

Use of 'Through'

Use of 'Across'

Use of 'Over'

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